Thursday, October 31, 2019

Franchising & Small Case Study Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Franchising & Small Case Study Analysis - Essay Example In addition, the nature of the business assures customers of different income backgrounds. In this sense, it is possible to have daily substantial sales (Lundahl, 2012). The business has two modes of serving customers. This pertains to internal partaking of food and delivery services. In most instances, customers partake of already prepared fries and artificial juice products. It is vital to note that preparation of natural juices might take different dimensions as concerns the taste and preference of customers. The institutions and businesses provide a significant market to Bucking Bull’s products as the outlet delivers food and drinks to the same. There are two types of delivery services. They are either on short or long term delivery terms. Short term delivery plans depend on daily orders. On the other hand, the business might deliver larger quantities of foods on monthly agreements and contracts with businesses. It is vital to stress that there is substantial competition in Bucking’s venue of conducting business. This relates to the mushrooming of smaller food outlets. The chance for expansion, in the industry, places Bucking at a vulnerable position for succumbing to competitive pressure (Andrews, 2007). This is because new businesses are tactful at satisfying loopholes of existing businesses. However, this is mitigated by creating a customer loyalty of following their recommendations for improvement of business. The first innovation pertains to value addition services and development of a brand that customers would associate with the same. It is vital to note that food outlets usually study the recipes of the best restaurant. In this sense, they would normally make similar foods across a chain of different outlets. Therefore, a brand name establishes a competitive edge that improvement in food services would not accomplish. A brand name is vital in pushing up revenues as more customers are

Tuesday, October 29, 2019

Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment Essay Example for Free

Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment Essay The geriatric assessment is a multidimensional, multidisciplinary diagnostic instrument designed to collect data on the medical, psychosocial and functional capabilities and limitations of elderly patients. Various geriatric practitioners use the information generated to develop treatment and long-term follow-up plans, arrange for primary care and rehabilitative services, organize and facilitate the intricate process of case management, determine long-term care requirements and optimal placement, and make the best use of health care resources. The geriatric assessment differs from a standard medical evaluation in three general ways: (1) it focuses on elderly individuals with complex problems, (2) it emphasizes functional status and quality of life, and (3) it frequently takes advantage of an interdisciplinary team of providers. Whereas the standard medical evaluation works reasonably well in most other populations, it tends to miss some of the most prevalent problems faced by the elder patient. These challenges, often referred to as the Five Is of Geriatrics, include intellectual impairment, immobility, instability, incontinence and iatrogenic disorders. The geriatric assessment effectively addresses these and many other areas of geriatric care that are crucial to the successful treatment and prevention of disease and disability in older people. Performing a comprehensive assessment is an ambitious undertaking. Below is a list of the areas geriatric providers may choose to assess: †¢ Current symptoms and illnesses and their functional impact. †¢ Current medications, their indications and effects. †¢ Relevant past illnesses. †¢ Recent and impending life changes. †¢ Objective measure of overall personal and social functionality. †¢ Current and future living environment and its appropriateness to function and prognosis. †¢ Family situation and availability. †¢ Current caregiver network including its deficiencies and potential. †¢ Objective measure of cognitive status. †¢ Objective assessment of mobility and balance. †¢ Rehabilitative status and prognosis if ill or disabled. †¢ Current emotional health and substance abuse. †¢ Nutritional status and needs. †¢ Disease risk factors, screening status, and health promotion activities. †¢ Services required and received. The primary care physician or community health worker usually initiates an assessment when he or she detects a potential problem. Like any effective medical evaluation, the geriatric assessment needs to be sufficiently flexible in scope and adaptable in content to serve a wide range of patients. A complete geriatric assessment, performed by multiple personnel over many encounters, is best suited for elders with multiple medical problems and significant functional limitations. Ideally, under these circumstances, an interdisciplinary team representing medicine, psychiatry, social work, nutrition, physical and occupational therapy and others performs a detailed assessment, analyzes the information, devises an intervention strategy, initiates treatment, and follows-up on the patients progress. Due to the intricate nature of comprehensive assessments, many teams designate a case-manager or caseworker to coordinate the entire effort. Most assessments take place in medical offices and inpatient units over multiple visits. If at all possible, however, at least one member of the team (rarely the physician) will attempt to visit the patient at home. Despite the problem of low or no reimbursement, the typically high-yield of information from even a single home visit makes it an extremely efficient use of resources. Most geriatric assessments, performed under the constraints of time and money, tend to be less comprehensive and more directed. Although such modifications are best suited to relatively high-functioning elders living in the community, many practitioners find some version of a directed geriatric assessment to be a more realistic tool in a busy practice. Patient-driven assessment instruments are also popular among geriatricians. Asking patients to complete questionnaires and perform specific tasks not  only saves time, but also it provides useful insight into their motivation and cognitive ability. To the extent that patients are unable to complete the assessment themselves, practitioners resort to traditional patient interview techniques that frequently involve input from a family member or other caregiver. During your upcoming site visits, you will perform a directed geriatric assessment (DGA), ideally with the same patient, over two sessions. In the interest of education, most of your DGA instruments are student-driven, rather than patient-driven, and require relatively little information from caregivers who may or may not be available at the time of your visit. We have divided the DGA in two parts, each with three subsections. In Part I, you will perform an expanded medical interview covering the clinical history, nutritional assessment and a social evaluation. In Part II, you will perform neuropsychiatric, physical and functional examinations. What follows is a reproduction of the History and Physical (HP) format that you will use in your Physical Diagnosis II course next semester. Although all geriatric practitioners do not use a standard assessment format (comprehensive or otherwise), most agree on basic content. The comprehensive geriatric assessment (history examination) following the Physical Diagnosis outline covers the most significant content areas of a prototypical geriatric assessment. As you can see, it moves well beyond the standard HP, which is precisely the point. We have designed it to correlate as closely as possible with the history and physical you will be learning later this year. It is to your considerable advantage to review this information before meeting your patients face-to-face on the site visits. The DGA instrument you will use during your encounter immediately follows this section.

Saturday, October 26, 2019

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Multimedia Elements Computer Science Essay

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Multimedia Elements Computer Science Essay Text is one of the multimedia elements used in the website. Normally we can found it from Internet. Human are using text to communicate with other people. From Internet we can use E-mail to send text message to other people, we also can use share status or share anything you want to share to give your friend or family know what is on your mind. We also can share or give information in forum. There are some examples of Text elements. Source: http://www.friendster.com (share status) Source: http://www.hotmail.com (E-mail) Source: http://forum.lowyat.net (Forum) Audio Audio is one of the multimedia elements. Audio is sound within the acoustic range available to humans. Commonly we can hear many audio from Internet, Radio, MP3, Computer and so more. Now, we can listen music or download music from website, some people were make song and upload to Internet share to everyone, we also can embed favorite music to blog or website. Some of users use voice call to communicate with friend or family. There are some examples of Audio elements. Source: http://www.deezer.com/en (listen and download music) Source: https://www.blogger.com (embed to blog) Source: http://www.skype.com (voice call website) Video Video is one of the multimedia elements. Video is the technology of electronically capturing, recording, processing, storing and transmitting of images that show scenes in motion. We can find many video from Internet. Some people make a flash video and upload to website to share with others. We also can use video conference to communicate with friend or family. We can watch movie from online or download the movie. There are some examples of Video elements. Source: http://www.youtube.com (watch video) Source: http://www.moviesdatacenter.com (watch movie) Source: Windows Live Messenger (video conference) Graphic Graphic is one of the multimedia elements. Graphic is a visual representation such as a photo, illustration, 3D or diagram. In the computer, a graphic is a file such as JPEG or GIF, there is graphic formats. Graphic is a picture image in the computer. We can use computer graphic to design a picture, flash or game. We can make more effect in the picture, make a flash video or make a game by using graphic software. Inside the Facebook, we also can see the graphic elements when we play the games. There are some examples of Graphic elements. Adobe Photoshop CS5 Extended (make effect in the picture) Macromedia Flash MX (make flash video) Example of game has 3D graphic elements. Animation Animation is one of the multimedia elements. Animation is a visual technique that provides the illusion of motion by displaying a collection of images in rapid sequence. Each image contains a small change. When the images are viewed rapidly, your eye fills in the details and the illusion of movement is complete. We can make images become Animation by using software. The purpose of Animation is make entertainment to everyone. There are some examples of Animation elements. Example of pictures has Animation elements. QUESTION 2 Advantage and Disadvantage of Text Text is silent communications. One of example in our real life is text messaging, it can send message to each other without other people being able to hear what is being said. It is privacy to exchange messages with each other without fear of other people knowing what you are talking about. The advantage of Text is text messaging is the ability to be able to send a message to someone to ask them to call you later regarding something important. At the same time, it doesnt interrupt them with a phone call. It allows them to respond back to you when it is most convenient to them. The disadvantage of Text is sometimes you dont receive all incoming messages from people. Often a personà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s text messaging box will get so full with incoming and sent text messages. If the inbox gets too full then the person canà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t receive anymore messages unless he or she deletes some of them. Advantage and Disadvantage of Audio Audio is sound within the acoustic range available to human. One of example in our real life is Audio Conference. It can communicate with other people. We can use mobile phone or use Internet to use the audio conference. The advantage of Audio is can combine with other media for example video, computer, MP3. When we are using audio conference, it cans potential for large number of lines on call. The disadvantage is noise can distract participants as well as cut out speaker. Audio is only the sound, it also limited visual stimulation. Advantage and Disadvantage of Video Video is the technology of electronically capturing, recording, processing, storing, transmitting, and reconstructing a sequence of still images representing scenes in motion. One of example in our real life is Video Conference. You can see the people face by video conference. The advantage of Video is when using video conference, it can see anyone you want to see, no matter what time of day it may be for anyone involved. Time differences between states and countries can be overlooked without anyone traveling long distances for the conference. The disadvantages are technical difficulties resulting from one or more of the following: software, hardware and network failure. Although advance testing could often identify technical trouble, the unexpected, spontaneous problem sometimes still arose minutes before or even during a videoconference. Advantage and Disadvantage of Graphic Graphic is a visual representation such as a photo, illustration or diagram. A graphic may contain text, but text by itself is not considered a graphic unless it is done in a stylized fashion. One of example in our real life is Advertisement. Because when we want to do advertise, we need do more creative in the poster. It uses a lot of graphic. The advantage of Graphic is quick way for the audience to visualize what you are saying, some of people more interest in the graphic than talk. The disadvantage of Graphic is it takes a lot of time to make. The cost also expensive, depending on the medium used. Advantage and Disadvantage of Animation Animation is a visual technique that provides the illusion of motion by displaying a collection of images in rapid sequence. One of example in our real life is Flash Video. It uses a lot of animation to make a flash video. Mostly animation is use for entertain people. The advantage of Animation is it more creative and mostly used the images like cartoon; it can make people attract it. The disadvantage of Animation is when makes a flash video and upload to Internet or blogger, when other people want to see this flash video, it take a lot of time to load or buffer.

Friday, October 25, 2019

John Paul Stevens: Biography :: essays research papers

John Paul Stevens: Biography John Paul Stevens, the 101st Justice to serve on the supreme court of the United States, and the first appointed by President Gerald R. Ford. John Paul Stevens became a member of the high court in December of 1975. Stevens, a middle aged man, with a reputation as a sharp-minded, hardworking lawyer, and first rate judge was given the highest evaluation from the American Bar Association committee that examined his record.  ³A superb judicial craftsman ² and a Judge ¹s judge, ² are two of the praises that Stevens has received from the United States Court of Appeals.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Stevens was voted into the supreme court with a vote of 98-0. In that time, Stevens was considered by the press, to be a moderate or moderate conservative in his legal thinking, and would take sides with other justices Powell, Stewart, and White. John Paul was born on Apr. 20, 1920. Stevens, the youngest out of 4 sons, Stevens was also considered to be the smartest of the 4 . At the age of six, his brother Ernest Stevens noted to a New York Post reporter,  ³I guess we always knew he was going to make something of himself. He was always awfully smart....When John was six, he could play better bridge then most adults today> ²   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Stevens attended the University of Chicago High School, and then later went to the University its self. In 1941, he left the University with a Phi Betta Kappa key, and a B.A. degree. He joined the navy, after the U.S entered World War 2. Stevens was stationed in Washington D.C, as a intelligence officer on the staff of admiral Chester W. Nimitz. He worked with a group assigned to break Japanese codes. for doing this, he was awarded the Bronze Star. After he returned to Chicago, (at the end of the war) he enrolled himself into Northwestern University School of Law to earn his J.D. degree, where he graduated first in his class. Not long after that, he was admitted into the Order of the Coif and the Phi Delta Phi law society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  From 1947 to 48, Stevens spent the year as a clerk to supreme court justice Wiley Rutledge. After that, he joined his first law firm, Poppenhausen, Johnston, Thompson & Raymond. A Chicago based firm, that he was inducted to as an Associate.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This was in 1948. With expert guidance from a Senior in the firm,

Wednesday, October 23, 2019

O.M. Scott & Sons Company

DE LA SALLE PROFESSIONAL SCHOOLS GRADUATE SCHOOL OF BUSINESS CASE ANALYSIS â€Å"O. M. SCOTT & SONS COMPANY† SUBMITTED BY: ESTIMADA, ANNA GABRIELLA C. Executive Summary The O. M. Scott and Sons company was a company which first started to produce weed-free grass, but diversified into other products related to its product line: lawn mowers, fertilizers, and other garden paraphernalia. It encountered the problem of nationwide distribution, finding difficulty in the delivery of its product.The company solve this problem of nationwide distribution by first, increasing its work force to keep up with the voluminous orders. Second, by setting up dealerships which will distribute their products and lastly, establishing a trust receipt payment system in order to assure the quick returns of investments. Problem The company encountered difficulty in the distribution of its products for two reasons: the nature of its agriculturally based products necessitated the quick distribution of pro ducts upon order.The voluminous orders and distances of nationwide coverage rendered the distribution difficult. Corporate Objective In keeping up with the modernization of agricultural products and technology, the company expanded its product line by diversifying into related products and services. From grass, O. M. Scott & Sons started the production of fertilizers, lawn mowers and other products. This diversification assured the company against stagnation. Areas of Consideration Shareholders & Key Officers Sales Force The company’s success can be attributed to the efforts of the sales force since they are the ones who are improving the salesmanship of the dealers in order to be available to their prospective customers. * Dealers The dealer is one of the key players in the company’s sales since the products are made available through them. With the dealership, the company can save money from overhead expenses and other general and administrative expenses from operati ons. * ScottThe owner of the company is considered as one of the key players in the company since he had found ways to cope with the market trend. Market Profile * Product Initially, the company is only selling the country’s first clean, weed-free grass seed in 1868. Scott’s business began to grow rapidly in the local market in Central Ohio. In 1990’s, the company have expanded it’s product range from grass seeds to new chemical weed and garden pest controls and special-purpose lawn fetilizers. * Price * Place & DistributionWhen the company first started, the weed-free grass seed was available upon order over the phone and after some time, the seeds will be delivered to you house. However, as the business expanded, Scott realized that neither him nor his competitors were able to tap the potential market of lawn care. In the company’s case, this was attributed to the distribution system since the customer’s could not buy the products easily. To address this issue, the company opened its products to dealerships wherein the sales force is tasked to train dealers how to do a better selling job with the company’s products. Promotion and Advertising When the business became successful during its initial operations, the company began to advertise extensively, In 1927, the company added a free magazine called Lawn Care, which was widely distributed. Financial Profile * Profitability * The company’s profitability for the next 5 years, as computed in the projected plan, will greatly increase as computed for the gross profit rate and contribution margin rate. There is a yearly increase of 1% for both rates which is a good sign for the company. * Turnovers The turnover rate for the first projected year will not be good since it will take longer for the inventory to be converted to cash. However the succeeding projected years is seen to be improving in terms of the turnover rate. * Capacity Utilization * For the proje cted years, the rate of capacity utilization will improve as it was projected that the rate will increase by 2% yearly. * Financial Leverage * The liquidity of the company will neither improve nor worsen as projected in the plan. There was only a little difference in the yearly computed projected rates.

Tuesday, October 22, 2019

Nothing Gets Me High Like Writing

Nothing Gets Me High Like Writing Nothing gets me high and offers relief from the suffering like blackening pages, writing.  ~Leonard Cohen This is the part of our profession that we quickly forget. The sea of authors is just that. . . an undulating sea. They rise up with glee about the release of a book. . . then slide down and bottom out when the sales arent as expected. Highs and lows, but mostly about publishing. Most of them blame someone else for their writer problems. Of late Ive seen them blame: 1) Amazon algorithms 2) Amazon promoting its own imprints before other publishers 3) Amazon allowing used book sellers to appear before new books 4) Publishers being greedy 5) Self-published authors gobbling up market share 6) Or vice versa, traditional authors gobbling up market share 7) The glut of cheap sales free, 99 cents, etc. 8) A bad editor 9) Indie bookstores not wanting indie authors And in all that blame, the writer forgets why they started writing in the first place. . . for the high of sculpting words. For the joy of designing that perfect sentence. The business side of writing is in flux, and that flux changes faster and faster. Technology and creative ideas fly like bullets as writers attempt to take advantage and break loose of the fray and be seen. . . and make sales. Fight to be different than all the other people out there writing books. If we dont constantly market, we backslide. And if we constantly market, we write less. And write less quality. Most businesses will tell you to return to the basics when things are not going well. For writers, thats writing well, writing for self, and reaching for that writing high. Sink into writing. Then when its written, come up for air and publish, because if you think about publishing before you finish the book, youll be outdated in your thinking

Monday, October 21, 2019

How to Use Est-ce Que to Ask Questions in French

How to Use Est-ce Que to Ask Questions in French Est-ce que  (pronounced  es keu) is a French expression that is useful for asking a question. Literally translated, this phrase means is it that..., although in conversation it rarely is interpreted that way. Instead, it is a convenience of everyday French, an interrogatory phrase that easily turns a statement into a question. It is a slightly informal construction; the more formal or polite way to ask questions is with inversion, which involves inverting the normal pronoun/noun verb order. But in everyday spoken French, est-ce que is far more common because it does the inverting for you: Est-ce que is the inversion of cest que. (Note that a hyphen is required between ce and est when they  are inverted to est-ce.) The word order of the original sentence stays exactly the same; you just add the already inverted phrase est-ce que to the front of the sentence. This simple structure works best for yes/no questions. For example:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Tu travailles. / Est-ce que tu travailles?   You work. / Do you work?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Paulette la trouvà ©. / Est-ce que Paulette la trouvà ©?   Paulette found it. / Did Paulette find it?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Vous navez pas faim. / Est-ce que vous navez pas faim?   You arent hungry. / Arent you hungry? OR Are you not hungry? Note that que must contract when it follows a word beginning with a vowel:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Elle est arrivà ©e. / Est-ce quelle est arrivà ©e?   She has arrived. / Has she arrived?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Il y a des problà ¨mes. / Est-ce quil y a des problà ¨mes?   There are problems. / Are there problems?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Anny vient avec nous. / Est-ce quAnny vient avec nous?   Anny is coming with us. Is Anny coming with us? To ask questions that ask for information like who, what, where, when, why and how, place an interrogative pronoun, adverb or adjective before est-ce que. For example: Qui est-ce que vous avez vu?   Whom did you see?​Quand est-ce que tu vas partir?   When are you going to leave?​Quel livre est-ce quil veut?   Which book does he want? Remember that est-ce que is the inversion of cest que, meaning literally, It is that. Thats why a hyphen is required between est and ce: cest ce est which are inverted to est-ce. Depending on their place in the sentence, the variations  quest-ce qui and qui est-ce qui  are also useful, but understanding them requires further discussion of  interrogative pronouns. For now, heres a summary. SUMMARY OF FRENCH INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS Subject of question Object of question After preposition People quiqui est-ce qui quiqui est-ce que qui Things quest-ce qui quequest-ce que quoi Additional Resources Asking questions in FrenchFrench interrogativesExpressions with à ªtreMost common French phrases

Sunday, October 20, 2019

Using the Spanish Adjective Grande

Using the Spanish Adjective Grande Grande is among the most common adjectives of Spanish and one of the first to be learned by students. Grande Meaning Large or Big The most common meaning of grande is simply big or large: Viven en una casa grande. (They live in a large house.)Mi nieta tiene las manos grandes como su padre. (My granddaughter has big hands like her father.) ¿Sabes cul es la ciudad ms grande del paà ­s? (Do you know which city is the countrys largest?)Madrid es una ciudad grande. (Madrid is a large city.)El caà ±Ãƒ ³n ms grande del Sistema Solar est en Marte. (The biggest  canyon in the solar system is on Mars.)El estadio ms grande de tenis del mundo ya tiene techo retrctil. (The worlds largest tennis stadium now has a retractable roof.) In context, grande can also refer specifically to height, rather than size per se: Era un hombre grande y flaco. (He was a tall and lean man.)En baloncesto un jugador grande y bueno siempre ser mejor para el equipo que uno bajo y bueno. (In basketball, a tall, good player will always be better for the team than a short, good player.) Like the English word big, grande can refer to being an adult as contrasted with being child, or to being older: Cuando sea grande voy a ser dentista. (When Im bigger/older, Im going to be a dentist.)Cautivà ³ el corazà ³n de grandes y chicos. (She captivated the hearts of the old and the young.)Es mi hermana grande. (Shes my big/older sister.)Estoy muy grande para jugar este juego. (Im too old for playing this game.) Grande Referring to Greatness Especially when it comes before the noun, grande can refer to someone or something being notable. It is often then the equivalent of great. Note than when grande comes before a singular noun, it is shortened to gran: Mi madre dijo que Gerald Ford fue un gran presidente. (My mother said Gerald Ford was a great president.)Fue una gran pelà ­cula ignorada por la prensa. (It was a great film ignored by the press.)Unos dicen que el calamiento global es la gran mentira de nuestro dà ­a. (Some say global warming is the great lie of our day.)I (The players try to leave the casino with the greatest reward possible.)No hay grandes diferencias entre realidad y ficcià ³n, ni entre lo verdadero y lo falso. (That are no huge differences between reality and fiction, nor between truth and falsehood.) Other Meanings of Grande Grande can refer to the larger metropolitan area of a city: La pesca comercial proporciona alrededor de 10.000 empleos en el gran Seattle. (Commercial fishing employs about 10,000 workers in the Seattle area.)La gran Roma est llena de arcos de triunfo. (Greater Rome is full of triumphal arches.) When it doesnt refer to size, grande usually refers to intensity: Es con gran tristeza que anunciamos el fallecimiento de nuestro querido amigo. (It is with deep sorrow that we announce the death of our dear friend.)Es una felicidad grande que Angelina piense en mà ­. (Its a great delight that Angelina is thinking about me.)Puedes ajustar las ventanas pero con gran dificultad. (You can adjust the windows, but with much  difficulty.)Era la primera nevada grande en diez aà ±os. (It was the first heavy snowfall in 10 years.) Grande in Phrases Grande is also used in various phrases: a lo grande - on a big scale: Si piensas a lo grande, puedes hacerlo a lo grande. (If you think big, you can do big.)en grande - on a big scale: Alajuela celebra en grande la gesta heroica de Juan Santamarà ­a. (Alajuela celebrates on a grande scale the heroic achievement of Juan Santamarà ­a.grandes mentes, grandes pensadores - great minds, great thinkers: Las grandes mentes piensan igual. (Great minds think alike.)el hueso grande - the capitate bone (of the hand): El hueso grande es el à ºnico entre todos los del carpo que puede dislocarse. (The capitate bone is the only one among all those of the carpus that can be dislocated.)la semana grande - the final week of Lent: El periodo de los siete dà ­as antes de la Pascua denominamos la semana grande.) (The seven-day period before Easter makes up the final week of Lent. Semana Grande can also refer to a week in August, known as Aste Nagusia, that is celebrated in northern Spain.)

Saturday, October 19, 2019

Compare and contrast your expectations of college to the reality you Essay

Compare and contrast your expectations of college to the reality you have expierenced..describe both imagined and real expierenc - Essay Example University life is not just challenging and full of responsibilities expected to be completed on time but also presents an interesting social life to every student. One can meet a lot of people whom he/she could get along with, not to mention, learn from, not only with regards scholastic related topics but those that help widen an individual’s foresight as well. This information learned from outside the four walls of the classroom sometimes are even more valuable because they teach practical lessons, first hand experiences that open someone’s understanding to another level. As expected, papers and a lot of reading are parts of a student’s everyday life so that this did not present any problem but has actually encouraged this writer to be ready to whatever should be expected from the modern American student. It sure makes a person wholly developed when he accepts the challenges of university life because the mind is not the only aspect improved but includes the so cial, psychological and even physical aspect with the various activities opened to all students regardless of race or sex.

Friday, October 18, 2019

Electrics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Electrics - Essay Example one watt is equivalent to 1 joule of energy per second. It is basically a measure of the rate of energy consumption. All the electrical appliances like bulb, refrigerator, television sets, computer, printer, iron consume some amount of electricity which decides their wattage. As a thumb rule, more the wattage more will be electrical consumption by that product. v. Farad (F): It is the SI unit of capacitive charge. An electric capacitor is made up of two parallel plates. As a result of electrical current some charge is stored on the plates of the capacitor. This charge is measured in Farad. One Farad is the capacitance having an equal and opposite charge of 1 coulomb on each plate and a voltage difference of 1 voltage between the plates. If the charge stored is less in quantity, it is measured in Micro-Farad (F) or Pico-Farad (pF). vi. Henry (H): It is the measure of inductive force produced in an inductor. Electromotive force is produced when we vary the current in an inductor. One volt of electromotive force (emf) is produced when the current is varied at the rate of one ampere per second. The unit is named after Joseph Henry, an American scientist of 18th century, who discovered electromagnetic induction. a. Temperature Coefficient of Resistance: This coefficient depicts the effect of temperature on the resistance of an electrical conductor. Increase or decrease of temperature affects the movement of the molecules within an atom. As temperature rises the movement increases, which in turn results in more collision amongst the molecules, thus impacting the specific resistance of the material. Therefore, in general the value of resistance (measured in ohms) of a material will depend upon the temperature coefficient of the resistance for the conductor. The total resistance for a material can be defined as; R = Rref [1 + (T-Tref)] Ohms or Where, R = Resistance of the conductor at a temperature, 'T' Rref = Resistance of conductor at a reference temperature of Tref. The Tref is usually 200C and sometimes for experimental purposes it is 00C. = Temperature coefficient of resistance for conductor material. T = Conductor temperature in degrees Celsius T = Reference temperature at which the Temp. Coefficient for the material is defined b. Relative Permittivity of Substance (r): It is the Ratio of the electric field strength in vacuum to that in a given medium. i.e. r = / o Where is the permittivity of the substance and o is the permittivity of the free space. The relative permittivity is also known as the dielectric strength of the substance. The dielectric constant is a complex constant with the real part giving reflective surface properties. The relative permittivity values affect the magnetic and electric behaviour of a conductor. The value of relative permittivity of a given substance keeps varying depending upon the electrical frequency, temperature etc. c. Magnetic Hysteresis: The Hysteresis is a magnetic property of a substance. This phenomenon is generally observed in ferromagnetic substances like Iron, nickel, cobalt etc. This group is called ferromagnetic as iron or 'ferric' is an

An human rights be universal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

An human rights be universal - Essay Example And on the other, we have poor countries like India and Bangladesh where people do not even have enough to consume. How can these two different types of societies develop similar definitions of human rights or implement similar human right laws Human rights for someone in India may be having enough to eat and a place to keep oneself warm, while it has an entirely different meaning for someone in the United States. But human rights can and should be universal in nature as we shall discover from our discussion in this paper. All human rights are universal, indivisible and interdependent and interrelated. The international community must treat human rights globally in a fair and equal manner, on the same footing, and with the same emphasis. While the significance of national and regional particularities and various historical, cultural and religious backgrounds must be borne in mind, it is the duty of States, regardless of their political, economic and cultural systems, to promote and protect all human rights and fundamental freedoms. (United Nations 1993) But West may not be trying to integrate cultures into human rights definition for the sake of stamping its superiority but the main aim was to counter human rights violation in traditionalist Asian societies. The reality of an interdependent world has only recently dawned upon us and this has brought cultures and societies closer accentuating their differences. But these differences and the resulting furor over the concept of human rights being universal should not undermine the idea that world is interdependent and more closely linked than we previously assumed. The Declaration's provision of basic civil, political, economic, social, and cultural rights for "all members of the human family" has helped the world understand that we need "a common standard of achievement for all peoples and nations."(UN, 1948) The fact that United Nations chose to develop a new definition of human rights which it believes can be universally applies show its faith in human beings' "substantial capacity for moral understanding and progress." (Nickel: p. 41) The concept of human rights is not something new and can be traced back to philosophies of antiquity but it was in the last few centuries that they began taking their present form. However the inclusion of universalism in human rights is one concept which is not even a few decades old. Many events, declarations and globalization later we can summarize fundamental tenets of human rights law as follows: Every human being has certain rights that are inherent. Such rights can be enumerated or deduced; they are not earned or acquired but inhere in all people by virtue of their humanity alone. Every human being's basic rights are indefeasible or inalienable--that is, such rights can never be annulled or denied by outside parties or even by the affected individuals themselves. Conflicts between different rights must be resolved in accordance with just and impartial laws and procedures. (Sieghart, p.8) Human rights proponents offer some fair definitions of human rights w

Marketing Communications Plan Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Marketing Communications Plan - Research Paper Example The work at hand considers this point, and in the later sections, the discussion of the importance of complete and detailed communication plan is included. Furthermore, the smart marketing and marketing communication objective has also been discussed. Next to this, the latest developments in marketing communications planning are discussed. In addition, the effective methods of measuring and controlling progress against the marketing communication plan are included. Background on customer’s preference for small cars It is important to consider the essential factors that are driving customers to small cars. Two of the most important factors are gas prices increase and improved vehicle quality (Mintel, 2012). These are the two significant factors particularly in the US small car market because of their link to lifestyle component. As projected, the small car market in the US is expected to pick up 15% in 2014, and it is anticipated to grow 55.8% in unit sales between 2014 and 201 7 (Mintel, 2012). One of the most important ideas in these data or information is the thought that the entire world market for cars has strongly been influenced by the US market. US market has become the leading venue for the car industry in coming up with the latest innovation or models with particular impact on socio-economic and political factors. The rising price for car fuel is one important consideration of the choice for a new design of car with substantial benefits. Citroen C1 is a small car, ideal for city driving (Citroen). City driving may not require long distances for the car to travel, and so it is important to have at least a small one for driving that will not be able to consume more fuel for energy. Improved vehicle quality is another consideration of the consumers. Small cars like Citroen C1 have highly improved quality, making them prominent in the small car market. It is not just about their being ideal for city driving, but these cars are also made to stand out when it comes to their featured quality. Certainly, there are various reasons of the remarkable choices of the target customers for cars, but the bottom line of them all is the idea of acquiring the benefits that they guarantee or offer. Customers are therefore sophisticated when it comes to knowing what cars they need. They know what they want, and they have established needs that car manufacturers will have to address. Customers’ needs are essential consideration most importantly in marketing activities (Haig, 2011; Kotler et al., 1999; Boone & Kurtz, 2006). The bottom line of creating market strategies like product differentiation and innovation is to address the prevailing customers’ needs (Porter, 1998; Schnaars, 1998). However, unknowingly the emancipation of highly differentiated product offerings results to the creation of needs itself. The justification of this claim is quite evident in the cases of product offerings in the market today that are highly differe ntiated and created significant needs as shown in the level of demand that they have generated and so enjoyed for now. The car manufacturing industry is a special case under this issue because this industry tries to connect their decisions to some important concerns taking place in the market or external environment. For instance, the car industry in the UK began to produce hybrid cars in relation to the prevailing issue linked to the environment. In order to at least alleviate

Thursday, October 17, 2019

Insurance Training Proposal Plan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Insurance Training Proposal Plan - Assignment Example The assignment "Insurance Training Proposal Plan" aims to develop a training proposal plan for an insurance company. Due to high attrition rate, the insurance company has been recently facing risks of financial losses and issues related to its sustainability. The organization has repeatedly failed to retain its trained members. The insurance company needs to be very cautious about their hiring and training practices, considering the current pitfalls of their training program. Correspondingly, to have an insight of the limitations persisting in the training program applied by the company, two types of data will be required, i.e. qualitative and quantitative. Both these types of data will be gathered from the trainee members, who have completed 2 weeks in this phase, which will help to identify their perceptions and its gap from the applied concepts in the training period. The data required will be obtained through a sample survey, which will allow the participation of all trainee memb ers in the organization, complying with the selection criterion (i.e. 2 weeks of their participation in the training program). The survey will be conducted on the basis of Likert scale, wherein five categories will be considered to judge the perceptions of the respondents. The Likert scale will include five point categories ranging from strongly disagree, disagree, uncertain, agree and strongly agree. The chart given below represents the closed-ended quantitative questions to interpret the responses on the basis of Likert scale.

Nature Presented in Multiple Ways Research Paper

Nature Presented in Multiple Ways - Research Paper Example Nature has been said to inspire awe, it has been cited as having all the power and has been seen to be filled with a beauty that can only be referred to as being dangerous. Nature has also been said to have fences which humans being cannot be able to transverse, whether the task is too daunting for the emotions or impossible for the physical body. "For my part I feel that with regard to Nature I live sort of a border life, on the confines of a world into which I make occasional and transient forays only. . ." (Thoreau, 1862) This seems to be the notion that Thoreau tended to exemplify in â€Å"Walking†. Thoreau further said that due to these confines of nature, human beings were more or less insignificant and that their existence amidst the very nature was largely untenable. Nor need we trouble ourselves to speculate how the human race may be at last destroyed. It would be easy to cut their threads any time with a little sharper blast from the north. We go on dating from Cold Fridays and Great Snows; but a little colder Friday, or greater snow would put a period to man's existence on the globe (Thoreau, 1862). The sentiments expressed by Thoreau are largely drawn from the belief by Jonathan Edwards that nature has the forces in which God aims to show his glory to mankind. Therefore, in case we go against what nature desires from us, then it can be ruthless. Here, human beings are being cautioned to appreciate nature and to follow the rules of natural justice. Among the many qualities of nature is its elusiveness. Thoreau and Emerson claim that many people lack the capacity to grasp the massiveness of nature. In many cases, nature, excluding what people perceive physically is considered infinite. There is a thrill therefore in chasing the elusiveness of nature in attempting to understand its dynamics and it a bid to discover what others have not about it. Although both philosophers felt that they were so close to reaching the periphery of nature, they could not quite do that but this only aided in their push for that elusive fact that would tell them apart from the others. The enigma of such an endeavor can only be

Wednesday, October 16, 2019

Marketing Communications Plan Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Marketing Communications Plan - Research Paper Example The work at hand considers this point, and in the later sections, the discussion of the importance of complete and detailed communication plan is included. Furthermore, the smart marketing and marketing communication objective has also been discussed. Next to this, the latest developments in marketing communications planning are discussed. In addition, the effective methods of measuring and controlling progress against the marketing communication plan are included. Background on customer’s preference for small cars It is important to consider the essential factors that are driving customers to small cars. Two of the most important factors are gas prices increase and improved vehicle quality (Mintel, 2012). These are the two significant factors particularly in the US small car market because of their link to lifestyle component. As projected, the small car market in the US is expected to pick up 15% in 2014, and it is anticipated to grow 55.8% in unit sales between 2014 and 201 7 (Mintel, 2012). One of the most important ideas in these data or information is the thought that the entire world market for cars has strongly been influenced by the US market. US market has become the leading venue for the car industry in coming up with the latest innovation or models with particular impact on socio-economic and political factors. The rising price for car fuel is one important consideration of the choice for a new design of car with substantial benefits. Citroen C1 is a small car, ideal for city driving (Citroen). City driving may not require long distances for the car to travel, and so it is important to have at least a small one for driving that will not be able to consume more fuel for energy. Improved vehicle quality is another consideration of the consumers. Small cars like Citroen C1 have highly improved quality, making them prominent in the small car market. It is not just about their being ideal for city driving, but these cars are also made to stand out when it comes to their featured quality. Certainly, there are various reasons of the remarkable choices of the target customers for cars, but the bottom line of them all is the idea of acquiring the benefits that they guarantee or offer. Customers are therefore sophisticated when it comes to knowing what cars they need. They know what they want, and they have established needs that car manufacturers will have to address. Customers’ needs are essential consideration most importantly in marketing activities (Haig, 2011; Kotler et al., 1999; Boone & Kurtz, 2006). The bottom line of creating market strategies like product differentiation and innovation is to address the prevailing customers’ needs (Porter, 1998; Schnaars, 1998). However, unknowingly the emancipation of highly differentiated product offerings results to the creation of needs itself. The justification of this claim is quite evident in the cases of product offerings in the market today that are highly differe ntiated and created significant needs as shown in the level of demand that they have generated and so enjoyed for now. The car manufacturing industry is a special case under this issue because this industry tries to connect their decisions to some important concerns taking place in the market or external environment. For instance, the car industry in the UK began to produce hybrid cars in relation to the prevailing issue linked to the environment. In order to at least alleviate

Tuesday, October 15, 2019

Nature Presented in Multiple Ways Research Paper

Nature Presented in Multiple Ways - Research Paper Example Nature has been said to inspire awe, it has been cited as having all the power and has been seen to be filled with a beauty that can only be referred to as being dangerous. Nature has also been said to have fences which humans being cannot be able to transverse, whether the task is too daunting for the emotions or impossible for the physical body. "For my part I feel that with regard to Nature I live sort of a border life, on the confines of a world into which I make occasional and transient forays only. . ." (Thoreau, 1862) This seems to be the notion that Thoreau tended to exemplify in â€Å"Walking†. Thoreau further said that due to these confines of nature, human beings were more or less insignificant and that their existence amidst the very nature was largely untenable. Nor need we trouble ourselves to speculate how the human race may be at last destroyed. It would be easy to cut their threads any time with a little sharper blast from the north. We go on dating from Cold Fridays and Great Snows; but a little colder Friday, or greater snow would put a period to man's existence on the globe (Thoreau, 1862). The sentiments expressed by Thoreau are largely drawn from the belief by Jonathan Edwards that nature has the forces in which God aims to show his glory to mankind. Therefore, in case we go against what nature desires from us, then it can be ruthless. Here, human beings are being cautioned to appreciate nature and to follow the rules of natural justice. Among the many qualities of nature is its elusiveness. Thoreau and Emerson claim that many people lack the capacity to grasp the massiveness of nature. In many cases, nature, excluding what people perceive physically is considered infinite. There is a thrill therefore in chasing the elusiveness of nature in attempting to understand its dynamics and it a bid to discover what others have not about it. Although both philosophers felt that they were so close to reaching the periphery of nature, they could not quite do that but this only aided in their push for that elusive fact that would tell them apart from the others. The enigma of such an endeavor can only be

Discuss the relationship between institutions and growth Essay Example for Free

Discuss the relationship between institutions and growth Essay North’s definition of institutions implies that the institutions could be formal (for example a legal code, a constitutions, or a regulatory body) and they could also have less formal constraints (for example social norms, or traditions, that help to determine outcomes). It will be difficult to mention institutions without mentioning government and the role it has to play in establishing the rules of the game. Government intervention in the economy is justified by the existence of market failures – the case where the unfettered operation of the market fails to produce the best possible outcome. Market failures include externalities like pollution and the inability of private firms to provide public goods, such as roads. Another form of market failure that can motivate government economic policy is the existence of monopolies, single firms that are the sole suppliers of a particular commodity. And industry such as electricity transmission is often viewed as a natural monopoly because it would be impractical for several companies to string electric wire to every house. In this case, there is a role of government regulation to prevent the monopolist from charging an inefficiently high price. The market failure can also occur in cases requiring the coordination of activities by many firms or many people. Some potential coordination failures and the need for the government to correct them are obvious. It useful for everyone to drive on the same side of the road, and even the most diehard free marketer would have little objection to letting the government announce which side it should be. However, a market failure is not the only reason that governments become involved in the economy. Another motivation for the government to get involved in economic matters is the income redistribution – the transfer of income from rich to poor, from working-age adults to the elderly, or from the general population to members of some favored groups – as one of their proper roles. On the other hand, only few economists argue that there should be no government intervention in the economy. It is rather a question of in which degree the government should intervene. The case against government intervention starts with the observation that, although proper government policy can theoretically fix any market failure, in practice it often fails to achieve its goals. When government tries to take the place of private firms, the resulting enterprises tend to operate inefficiently because they lack the incentives, specifically profit, that motivate private firms. In cases where industries are regulated as natural monopolies, often such regulation effectively preserves the absence of competition In the case of public goods, the debate centers on the question of whether some of the goods that governments supply could have been supplied privately if government had not taken over their provision. In different countries, privatized activities have included the building of roads and telephone networks and the operation of jails. A parallel trend has been the deregulation of industries – removing them from government supervision. The issue of income redistribution presents some of the most difficult questions regarding the proper role of government. In this case, the benefits of such a policy (a greater degree of equality) are of a different nature than the costs of the policy (a lower degree of efficiency). However, critics of big government point out that much of the income that governments redistribute does not flow from rich to poor. Rather, it is redistributed among people in the same income groups, who are at different stages of their life cycles, as when taxes are taken from working-age adults and transfers are paid to elderly. Critics argue that these redistributions have a large effect on the efficiency with which the economy operates but do little or nothing to improve equity. In general, the success of any government intervention depends crucially on the ability and the honesty of the officials entrusted to carry it out. When these qualities are lacking, the resulting government failure can be worse than any market failure that government policy was designed to correct. By looking at different cases of government intervention and the cases against government intervention, I will focus on explaining the tools that governments use to influence the economy. These tools include: the provision of the rule of law, regulation of how firms behave, planning (direction of resources to certain targeted industries), trade policies such as tariffs and quotas, and outright ownership of the means of production. One of the most important public goods that governments provide is the rule of law. In an environment where the rule of law is weak, the factors of production would not be accumulated and the economic activity would be plagued by inefficiency. For both these reasons, the output would decline. In the absence of a legal infrastructure, many of the investments made in a modern economy would not take place because investors would be unable to earn a reasonable return on their money. The rule of law cannot be taken for granted in most of the world. In many countries the judicial systems are weak, and legal cases are as likely to be settled on the basis of who has better political connections as on legitimate legal claims. According to Douglass North, who won the Nobel Prize in economics in 1993, â€Å"The inability of societies to develop effective, low-cost enforcement of contracts is the most important source of both historical stagnation and contemporary underdevelopment in the Third World†. One of the best examples that illustrates the importance of the rule of law is the former Soviet Union case. With the breakup of the communism, the legal structure surrounding basic economic activity became highly uncertain. The line between legitimate business and organized crime blurred, as assets formerly owned by the government in trust for the citizenry as a whole rapidly found their way into the hands of a well-connected few. In this legally unstable environment, income per capita in the Russian Federation fell by 12% in the decade following the 1991 breakup of the Soviet Union. Another important way in which the government affects the state of the economy is by its sheer size. Government that spends a lot of money requires big government revenue and vice versa. Governments raise funds by taxing the citizens and businesses. A few countries, such as Saudi Arabia, make the exception where the natural resource is the primary source of revenue. According to the social scientist Adolph Wagner â€Å"the size of the government would inevitably increase as countries became wealthier, because a more developed economy requires more complex regulation and because many public goods provided by the government are of the type where desired spending rises more than proportionally with income†. Taxes are relevant for economic growth because they directly affect the efficiency with which output is produced. The larger the tax is imposed in a given market the smaller will be the number of transactions that will take place. This means that raising the tax rate will lower the tax base. When taxes are high, some of the potential transactions between buyers and sellers will not take place, and these transactions would have made both groups better off. No tax will be collected on these forgone transactions, but by discouraging transactions, the tax made the potential buyers and sellers worse off. The size of this inefficiency grows with the size of the tax. Because higher taxes shrink the tax base, increases in revenue collected when tax rates rise are not proportional to increases in tax rates. The fact that taxes cause inefficiency in the economy does not mean that there should be no taxes. Government provides public goods without which the economy could not function at all. These public goods are paid for taxation. Thus, even if the government were solely concerned with maximizing GDP per capita, the optimal choice of public goods and taxation involves a trade-off between the costs and benefits. However, not all of the money that governments collect as tax revenues goes toward supplying public goods. One of the major functions of government is to make transfers of income to people. The largest transfers are old-age pensions; other transfers include unemployment benefits and welfare payments to the poor. Government planning and the protection of infant industries with tariffs have failed, in almost most of the cases. The economic planning occurred in the decades after WWII, when governments in newly independent countries in the developing world experimented with various policies to improve their backward conditions. State enterprises, for example, were totally inefficient. The managers of these enterprises, facing neither competition from other firms nor pressure from shareholders to produce profits, had little incentive to strive for efficiency in production. Marketing boards, which were initially supposed to raise farmers’ income, ended up doing just the opposite as government officials could not resist the temptation of the revenues that passed through their hands. Trade restrictions were also counterproductive. In theory, infant industry protection should have been offered only to industries where a country had a chance of being a competitive producer. In practice, governments protected any industry which enough political power – and often all industries indiscriminately. Furthermore, most of the â€Å"infant† industries that were protected never managed to grow up. Facing no pressure from foreign competition, they remained inefficient. As one can notice, institutions determine incentives and constraints and shape outcomes. Different groups and individuals will benefit from different institutions. Therefore, the institutional choices will depend on who has the political power.

Monday, October 14, 2019

Hella Company Human Resources

Hella Company Human Resources Manage Human Resources as a manager in an organization Introduction: I am going to represent a report on Human Resources as a Human resource manager of HELLA New Zealand. HELLA-New Zealand Limited was founded in 1973. HELLA manufacture, market and distribute products in New Zealand. Company is part of the HELLA Asia Pacific Group. Today the company designs and manufactures innovative lighting products for the commercial transport and automotive industries, using the latest LED (Light Emitting Diode) technology. With these products HELLA New Zealand is a supplier to automotive manufacturers and commercial transport fleets all over the world. HELLA is a prominent brand in the New Zealand aftermarket and in the commercial transport sector, with key relationships with original equipment bus, coach and trailer manufacturers. HELLA New Zealand strives to provide world-class products that contribute to the safety of the automotive and transport industry through enhanced vision and visibility. HELLA is a leading edge designer and manufacturer of energy efficient lighting products that always meet customer expectations for innovative design, durability and quality Organizational Structure of HELLA New Zealand In Organizational structure of HELLA NZ top most position in Auckland Branch is Managing Director and All Department Heads Reports to MD. In Every Department there is Supervisor and process workers. Supervisor reports to Department Head. Skills and abilities of three positions from Organizational structure. I have selected three positions Assembler, Production Supervisor and distribution Supervisor. First we will discuss about Assemblers skills and abilities. Main job of assembler is to assemble different parts and create a full thing. In HELLA assembler is who assemble different part and make a light which can be fitted in car or other vehicles. Skills requirement for Assembler Job. Ability to follow instruction and diagram Accuracy and speed for repetitive task performance Concentration on work IT skills Computer knowledge Quality focus Decision making Control of instrumentation Safety management These are skills which required for a assembler job. Person must have ability to use these skills. Person should be healthy, Eye vision should be perfect, High concentration level is required to perform tasks, Person should be able to sit/stand for a long time period etc. Skills requirement for Production Supervisor. Production Supervisor is person who is looking after employees associated with production work. He keep eye on work and workers to ensure good and quality work to be done. He manage team of workers and handle all inquiries of them. Supervisor requires to have multiple skills and ability to perform job. Speaking or communication skill Critical thinking Monitoring self and others work performance Coordination Time Management Decision Making Comprehension of reading Active listening Leadership Analytical Complex problem solving Management of material and financial resources Service oriented and Quality control Supervisor must have abilities to perform his role like Active listener, attentiveness, concentration, analytical mind, problem solving, helping to others. Skills requirement for Distribution Supervisor. Distribution Supervisors job is to organize storage and distribution of goods. Here in HELLA NZ There is distribution team managed by distribution supervisor. After production of final product distribution team is doing the work of storage and distribution to the companies or buyers. Distribution supervisor require skills similar to the production supervisor and some extra skills also required. Good time management ability Decision making and problem solving and offer creative solutions Numeracy and commercial awareness Ability to handle electronic data and IT knowledge Change management A Strong interpersonal skills and manage people Excellent communication skill, written and speaking Analytical and negotiation Positive attitude Identify deficiencies in current and optimal skills and abilities. In the above three positions, skills and abilities of the employees is as per the required optimal skills and abilities but there are little deficiencies in the skills of the employees. Optimal skills and abilities are those which are required to achieve organizational objectives and goals. Success of any organization is based on the ability and skills of its employees how they perform work and the productivity of workers. Each departments should have their goals and they must work to achieve that goals which are linked with the goal of organization. In the above said positions the product supervisor is somehow not cooperative to the employees and other departments. His behavior towards worker is not good. Team meetings in the team is very necessary and effective for productivity but he is doing meeting everyday which was not scheduled It waste time of workers which effect production of company. He should schedule meeting before shift or after shift. Work should not interrupted. Inte rpersonal skill and time management skill here lack in this position. Recommendation to address deficiency in skills and abilities Here there is some recommendations to fulfill deficiency in skills of employees we need to escalate it to higher management and give feedback to supervisor about his behavior and unnecessary waste of time. There is company policies about behavioral issues in the company employees should get aware of these policies. A time management training program should be organized for all employees. To improve skills of employees company should arrange training and development programs. According to my view organization structure of the company is perfect and it is as per optimal structure. Every position is as per hierarchy. Reporting of the staff is to supervisor, supervisor reports to Assistant Manager, Assistant Manager to Head of the department or Manager and Every Manager report to Managing Director of the Company. If there is any issue unresolved by reporting manager it can be escalated to next management level. Alternative of Staffing HELLA NZ is supplier of automobile lights. We hire temporary staff for fixed term in the busy time when there is more demand of lights and during the Christmas period when factory remains closed for three weeks. For other alternative of staff we hire some casual staff to backup of our employees when someone need leave or sick leave. We are also hiring some part time employees to occupy the shifts when there is less workers. We have contract with a recruitment agency who provide us staff when there is need of more employees.

Sunday, October 13, 2019

Theatre-In-Education :: Drama

Theatre-In-Education The theatre education industry/movement has seen some rapid changes since its initial developments and establishment in the 1960’s. However its origins mainly lie in the early years of the last century. It was the initial establishment of companies such as Bertha Waddell’s in Scotland and Esme Church’s in the north of England that thoroughly established the main roots of TIE. Mainly the initial aims of these companies was to stimulate, educate and inform young people through encouraging them to participate in enjoyable and imaginary based theatre programmes. Despite early attempts in Britain in the mid 1930’s, where a Glasgow Director of education allowed the Bertha Waddell’s company to perform in junior schools within school time, the majority of the advances within the movement came after World War Two. Due to the nature and after-effects of the time, many post war Education Authorities felt the need to sponsor drama and live theatre companies to aid in their areas learning processes. One could perhaps say that due to the sheer devastation of the war many education authorities felt that through the use of drama therapy and role play style interaction that students would be able to address their true anxieties and would therefore have a more rewarding time in post war school. Around this time parallel groups were beginning to form in Birmingham and London. One of the pioneers of these types of groups was Brian Way. Having established his own theatre-in-education company in the late 1940’s, Brain established his companies aims as being, to assist teachers in all types of schools with methods of approach to drama in education. This company began to be at the forefront of schools early experiments, linking children, their education and theatre. This expanded further and as it progressed throughout England was mainly made up of amateur theatre groups consisting of largely teachers who aimed to introduce theatre to children. However, the main expansion of TIE came when a number of professional theatre companies began the notion of creating these experiences and took them into schools. Towards the end of the 1960’s the TIE movement was given a dynamic push in the right direction. This was largely due to the new style of teaching and curriculum delivery that was being implemented across Britain. The ‘Plowden Report’ gave numerous advice on the delivery of the school curriculum and a new style of â€Å"problem-solving† to teach the syllabus was adopted throughout many primary schools. This new â€Å"problem-solving† style of teaching allowed TIE to flourish, as theatre could be used within schools to give examples of how to successfully problem solve. This largely was done in the style of role play situations and stemmed mainly from the teaching of alternative Theatre-In-Education :: Drama Theatre-In-Education The theatre education industry/movement has seen some rapid changes since its initial developments and establishment in the 1960’s. However its origins mainly lie in the early years of the last century. It was the initial establishment of companies such as Bertha Waddell’s in Scotland and Esme Church’s in the north of England that thoroughly established the main roots of TIE. Mainly the initial aims of these companies was to stimulate, educate and inform young people through encouraging them to participate in enjoyable and imaginary based theatre programmes. Despite early attempts in Britain in the mid 1930’s, where a Glasgow Director of education allowed the Bertha Waddell’s company to perform in junior schools within school time, the majority of the advances within the movement came after World War Two. Due to the nature and after-effects of the time, many post war Education Authorities felt the need to sponsor drama and live theatre companies to aid in their areas learning processes. One could perhaps say that due to the sheer devastation of the war many education authorities felt that through the use of drama therapy and role play style interaction that students would be able to address their true anxieties and would therefore have a more rewarding time in post war school. Around this time parallel groups were beginning to form in Birmingham and London. One of the pioneers of these types of groups was Brian Way. Having established his own theatre-in-education company in the late 1940’s, Brain established his companies aims as being, to assist teachers in all types of schools with methods of approach to drama in education. This company began to be at the forefront of schools early experiments, linking children, their education and theatre. This expanded further and as it progressed throughout England was mainly made up of amateur theatre groups consisting of largely teachers who aimed to introduce theatre to children. However, the main expansion of TIE came when a number of professional theatre companies began the notion of creating these experiences and took them into schools. Towards the end of the 1960’s the TIE movement was given a dynamic push in the right direction. This was largely due to the new style of teaching and curriculum delivery that was being implemented across Britain. The ‘Plowden Report’ gave numerous advice on the delivery of the school curriculum and a new style of â€Å"problem-solving† to teach the syllabus was adopted throughout many primary schools. This new â€Å"problem-solving† style of teaching allowed TIE to flourish, as theatre could be used within schools to give examples of how to successfully problem solve. This largely was done in the style of role play situations and stemmed mainly from the teaching of alternative

Saturday, October 12, 2019

Alternative Fuel Vehicles You Can Buy Today :: Automobiles Environmental Gas Economics Essays

Alternative Fuel Vehicles You Can Buy Today From the earliest days of the automotive industry alternative fuels have always competed with petroleum for powering vehicles. Nicholas Cugnot made the first self-powered road vehicle in 1769 with a steam engine, and the first gasoline automobile didn't appear until over 100 years later from Karl Benz. Through the late 19th and early 20th century steam and electric power remained strong contenders. The invention of the self-starter for gasoline engines by Cadillac eventually proved the undoing of the early steam cars, which required warming up. Electric cars continued to be produced for a while longer, but the expanding road network gradually made their short range of 8-15 miles between charges too inconvenient for many uses. Today we understand that the wholesale burning of petroleum can't continue forever. As the new century opens alternative fuel vehicles are becoming more and more common. Major manufacturers such as Ford, Daimler/Chrysler, and Fiat offer dual fuel cars and trucks now. These vehicles allow you to choose between gasoline and compressed natural gas (CNG) for cleaner emissions. Other large manufacturers such as General Motors, Toyota, and Honda are concentrating on electric vehicles. These global automakers are slowly moving from conventional to alternative power as the technology is developed and refined. Current battery technology allows a maximum range of about 125 miles per charge. The leading edge of electric vehicle technology is occupied by much smaller companies. Bombardier, Pivco AS, and S-LEM AG have designed small, lightweight city cars intended for daily use in dense urban environments. Corbin-Pacific and Zebra Motors have chosen to concentrate on performance. Both companies produce creditable sports cars that just happen to be electrically powered. Do you have an idea that you think will work for an alternatively powered vehicle concept? The U.S. Department of Energy invites small businesses (500 employees or less) to submit grant applications on hybrid electric vehicle technology. Applicants may receive up to $75,000 US for a Phase I grant to develop the feasibility of the idea.Hydrogen VehiclesFuel DescriptionHydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe, but is rarely found in its uncombined form on the earth. When combusted (oxidized) it creates only water vapor as a by-product (4H + O2 = 2 H20). When burned in an internal combustion engine, however, combustion also produces small amounts of nitrogen oxides and small amounts of unburned hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide because of engine lubricants.

Friday, October 11, 2019

Donation For Lekemia & Lymphoma Society Tnt Essay

Myoproliferative disorders such as Leukaemia, lymphoma and Myeloma constitute a health, financial and social burden to patients and their family members. We do have a role to play to ameliorate this enormous burden; that is by donating to the Support. By this, we make others smile. The result: we are fulfilled and happy, too. You are not alone, I shall also be a part of this course. This year is a very exciting year for me and my two daughters. This is because we all are graduating in June 2008. I am going to do something that I always want to do: that is to participate in the Frederick Marathon on May 17th as member of The Leukemia & Lymphoma Society Teams in Training. In order to support this worthy cause, I have to raise funds to help find cures for Leukemia, lymphoma, Hodgkin’s lymphoma and myeloma. This is in a bid to prevent or reduce mortality associated with these cancerous tumours. Leukemia, Lymphoma and Myeloma are cancers that originate in the bone marrow or lymphatic tissues. This affects the person’s healthy blood cells. Every 5 minutes some one is diagnosed with blood cancer and every 10 minutes someone dies from a blood cancer. You may not believe this but nearly 6 people every hour dies from this disease. These staggering statistics only show the numerical calamity associated with these cancers, not to talk of the psychological and economic implications of these debilitating conditions on patients and their family members. There is a way to help assuage such burden: and that is to donate funds for research, families, and treatments. And by this I am determined to raise $1500. 00 or more to contribute to the course. |I implore you to make a donation to support my participation in Team in Training and help support the Leukemia & Lymphoma Society. You can make your donation but make sure the checks are written out to The Leukemia and Lymphoma Society and mail them to: You can also make your donation online on my website, which can be forwarded my website to your friends and family. This is a contribution that has a positive effect on the life of others. And there is nothing like making others happy. In fact, this is one of the things we can do for our country, our people in demonstration of our love for others.

Thursday, October 10, 2019

Why I Learn English

Why I learn English Learning English is necessary for my future career. Nowadays, practically every prestigious and well-plaid job, not only working as an English teacher, requires proficiency in this language. Those who know English, have a big advantage on the labour-market over those who don’t. But it certainly isn’t the only reason why I learn English. I have been interested in studying foreign languages since I went to school, and I always knew that my future profession would be connected with linguistics. I believe that the mentality of every nation is closely connected with its language.It’s impossible to translate any text from one language into another without slight changing of its meaning. Every language has some set-phrases and sayings that can’t be translated word for word. So, when you learn to think in a foreign language, you begin to think in a different way. You can see the world from a different viewpoint. To my mind, it compensates the t ime spent on studying the language. One another reason why I study English is connected with general intellectual development. Scientists have proved that learning languages serves as an excellent training for our brain.When a person learns one foreign language, other languages become easier for him or her to learn. On the whole, he or she begins to understand better all subjects, even if they are not connected with linguistics. Moreover, learning English provides me with extra opportunities. For example, I can understand, what my favorite musical bands sing: it’s extremely important for me, as I’m a music lover. Of course, one can like a song just because it sounds tuneful, but I prefer to understand the message that the author wanted to pass to the listeners. In addition, I can read books and watch movies in the original.It’s very useful, as the interpretation not always can transmit the richness of the author’s language, the subtlety of his thoughts. A nother opportunity, provided by the knowledge of the English language, is the ability to communicate with foreigners. I can get acquainted with new people while I travel abroad or just walk in Moscow, and then continue communicating with them in social networks. After all, I just like English: I like the way it sounds, and I find the culture and the history of England very interesting, as they have little resemblance to those of our country.

Wednesday, October 9, 2019

Museum of tolerance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Museum of tolerance - Essay Example The movie further expressed on how the blood of the oppressed flowed in large volume to the popcorn. The learning of the oppressions African-Americans underwent made me doubt of wanting to know more about the past occurrences, but the tour study had to continue. According to the information provided in the museum, the Holocaust which involved the eradication of the Jews was specifically a planned mass-slaughter. The Jews were not only rounded up and shot-down, but also slaughtered. As a result of this, majority of the young couples committed suicide instead of waiting for their separation. During this time, Hitler called for the silencing of any person who raised opinion against him. In addition to these, a video clip showed how 2 million Jews were forced to occupy a very small area (Warsaw Ghetto) and left to die of hunger. In another graphic clip, I also saw how babies were mishandled; infants were thrown out of the trucks during the deportation of people. Just learning that the babies who were thrown away belonged to women who were forcefully deported from their places was horri fying. I would not wish to think of genocide like the Holocaust taking place again, but it might occur. The only thing that reduces the chances of such genocide from taking place again is the fact that we now know what may happen if it happens. The Germans did not know. The only way such genocide will happen is by us letting it happen. In my life I have been discriminated, but it cannot be compared to what took place in 1800s. I remember being left out by my high school friends during the formation of study groups. The reason for them leaving me out of their groups was that I was a slow learner. The discrimination not only made me feel out of place, but also worsened my academic performance. It was as a result of it that I tailed in most of the continuous assessment tests. However, I later managed to cope

Tuesday, October 8, 2019

Implement a marketing solution - Gillette fusion razor Essay

Implement a marketing solution - Gillette fusion razor - Essay Example It also seeks to estimate customers' response to the product. With the help of proper research, it is possible to obtain a clear idea about the future proceedings of the company. "As the Fusion is developed, Gillette will have to invest in market analysis, research, production, marketing etc. This will be an expensive phase. Since no sale revenue will be achieved, losses may be incurred. Fortunately for Gillette, M3Power still has a market that will allow it to absorb losses over a short time." (Altaf 2007). During this stage it becomes crucial to give an appropriate focus on price and promotion concept. The company can choose between float or skim pricing strategy. Apart from this, it is necessary to give emphasis for promotional method, especially advertising of the product, for the purpose of creating awareness about the new product in the market and among the consumers. There exist chances of competition. Some times the company may incur some loss during this stage. The cost will be higher due to the sales promotional activities and the quantum of sales will be normal or at a lower level. The important fact during this stage is to analyze whether the customers will be ready to accept the technology of five blade surface or not. The growth stage is the third stage in the product lifecycle.

Monday, October 7, 2019

Trans World Airlines Flight Attendance Case Study

Trans World Airlines Flight Attendance - Case Study Example The strike happened at a time when the airline business was highly competitive (Wallace, n.d.). All airlines were aiming at making huge profit margins. The industry had become deregulated. This case study is a summary of the issues that characterized the strike. It also gives an opinion on the subject supporting it with similar occurrences and common practice. It also makes recommendations on the best way to solve predicaments similar to the one faced by the IFFA and TWA. The recommendations analyze the most favorable solutions to parties embroiled in similar trade disputes. Icahn was faced with the need to cut on costs to bolster TWA’s profits. One way of doing this was by reducing labor costs. It was the easiest way out owing to the fact that other management teams apply it when faced with situations that demand to lower operational costs. Icahn required wage concessions and benefit costs amounting to about 300 million U.S. dollars. This would reduce labor costs and expenses before tax by 20% and 8% respectively. The Air Line Pilots Association (ALPA) and the International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers (IAM) were agreeable. The two groups granted Icahn concessions worth $100 million and $50 million respectively, the consideration being profit sharing and worker stock-ownership plans. Icahn was expected to get the remainder from IFFA (Wallace). ALPA and IAM expected the same. If not, he would have to sell the airline because there were some interested parties. IFFA’s leader, Victoria Frankovich, had her reservations about the wage concessions. This was coupled with Icahn’s demands that the flight attendants would be required to put more hours to increase the airline’s productivity and competitiveness. It was intimated that the airline paid a lot more in wages as compared to other airlines with whom it competed; thus justifying these demands.

Sunday, October 6, 2019

Anselm's ontological argument Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Anselm's ontological argument - Essay Example Whereas ancient Greek philosophers, such as Plato and Aristotle, hinted at the existence of a God, Anselm’s ontological argument offered one of the first expressly rational proofs for the Judeo-Christian God. In this paper, the author examines the ontological argument of St. Anselm by taking a look at the argument itself, and analyzing both the value and criticisms against it. Further, the discussion examines the influence of the ontological argument on modern thought, particularly Rene Descartes’ revival of the said proof. The ontological argument derives its name from â€Å"ontos†, meaning â€Å"being†. The term â€Å"ontological† signifies an emphasis on the â€Å"being† or â€Å"nature† of an entity. An ontological argument, therefore, derives its strength from the nature itself of what is argued for. In the case of the ontological argument of Anselm, it is referred to as such because it seeks to prove the existence of God by appealing to the nature of this Supreme Being, or perhaps more correctly, to the definition of the latter. He argues that to have an understanding of God as that than which nothing greater can be conceived, entails the acceptance of God’s existence since such a conception necessitates existence. He states: Therefore, if that than which nothing greater can be conceived, exists in the understanding alone, the very being than which nothing greater can be conceived, is one than which a greater can be conceived. But obviously, this is impossible. Hence, there is no doubt that there exists a being than which nothing greater can be conceived, and it exists both in the understanding and in reality (Fremantle 89). It can be seen that such a proposal allows for a proof that is â€Å"built in† the term, so to speak. For if God is such a being, then it is of necessity that he must exist, since not to exist would mean that there is another being that is greater still, namely, one that exists. Thus, Anselm quotes Psalm 14:1

Saturday, October 5, 2019

Orthodontic Appliances Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Orthodontic Appliances - Essay Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Fixed Appliance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Functional Appliance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Removable Functional Appliance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Fixed Functional Appliance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 List of Tables Table I. Effects, Reasons and Factors to Consider in Orthodontic Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Table II. Components of Removable Appliance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Table III. Advantages and Disadvantages of Removable Appliance . . . . . . 7 Table IV. Types of Removable Appliance According to Force Applied . . . . . . 8 Table V. Clinical Observations with Fixed Appliance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Table VI. Advantages of Functional Appliance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Table VII. Disadvantages of Removable Functional Appliance . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Table VIII. Twin Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Table IX. Advantages and Disadvantages of Fixed Functional Appliance . . . . . 16 Table X. Disadvantages of Fixed Functional Appliance Herbst and Jasper Jumper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... It was credited to physician Pierre Fauchard (regarded as father of dentistry) at the start of 18th century in France who described an appliance called as â€Å"Bandlette† (now known as expansion arch (Graber TM 1966, cited in Vijayalakshmi & Veereshi 2010, p. 11). He was the first to attempt moving the teeth using Bandlette, an arched flat strip of metal with holes for threads to pass through and apply force upon the teeth. The first fixed appliance used in orthodontics is attributed to Pierre Fauchard while the first removable appliance recognized in orthodontic practice was the Coffin plate introduced by Coffin during the late 19th century (Vijayalakshmi & Veereshi 2010). The Coffin plate had a spring (still present in the current appliances) made of piano wire (Proffit & Fields 1999; Graber N 1977, cited in Vijayalakshmi & Veereshi 2010). The fixed or removable appliance adjusts the teeth slowly and cautiously to prevent extreme pain and damage to the teeth (Cunningham, Ho rrocks, Hunt, et al. 2000). Lionel (2005) said that orthodontic therapy affects the dimension of dental arches that could lead to relapse, thus requiring post-treatment. There is also a tendency for malocclusion to recur, he added. Malocclusion refers to the atypical arrangement of the teeth or jaws (Cunningham, Horrocks, Hunt, et al. 2000). Malocclusion should be treated because it may lead to diseases, cause dysfunction of the jaw (that affects speech and mastication, or leads to Tempero-Mandibular Disorder), affects aesthetic features of the face that may have negative psychological implication, and damage to teeth (Mascia n.d.). Table I Effects,

Friday, October 4, 2019

SLP 2 TUX 101 INFORMATION LITERACY AND ACADEMIC INTEGRITY Essay

SLP 2 TUX 101 INFORMATION LITERACY AND ACADEMIC INTEGRITY - Essay Example Unfortunately, owing to the dynamics in the contemporary society where both parents need to work in an effort to support each other in providing the demands of the family, there is limited time that parents spend with their children. Establishment of a balance amid work-family life becomes a difficult undertaking for many parents as most tend to focus on one and in most cases the work side. Caring for children and ensuring that all their demands are met, in most cases becomes the duty of the house helps, baby care centers and teachers (Gottschalg & Meier, 2005). The limited time that parents spent with their children exposes them to stress, and many develop depressive symptoms, which worsen the situation, as these parents increase the gap amid them and their children. Conversely, this is not the case for good parents, who have the capacity to balance their work and family life, and thereby manage to deal with the probable stress that emanates from the same. These parents engage with their children in all aspects, and regardless of being busy at work, they ensure that they learn how their children spent their day and whether they have completed their school work. These parents are always in close contact with teachers; house helps and baby care centers caregivers as they attempt to learn and comprehend the developments that their children are making. Another strategy that good parents adopt in order to eradicate stress and the development of depressive symptoms is by creating time to have fun with their children and spouses. Family outings help relieve stress and strengthen the bond amid parents and children are they interact from a friendly point of view, meaning children managed to express themselves easily, present their concerns and offer comm ents and insights on areas they believe need consideration, either at home or in school (Gottschalg &

Thursday, October 3, 2019

Candys Dog being shot dead Essay Example for Free

Candys Dog being shot dead Essay I believe that Candys dog being shot dead is one of the most important parts of the novel and should definitely be included in a film version. In this scene Carlson starts moaning about how much Candys old dog smells. He then suggests that Candy should shoot him and even offers to do it himself. But it is the things that Carlson says in order to justify himself that are important for the readers because it helps us to see why George decided to do what he did at the end of the book. For example, when Carlson says, This old dog, just suffers hisself all the time, and you aint been kind to him, keeping him alive, when he is trying to convince Candy that it is almost cruel to make him live life any longer. Carlson also describes how Candy could kill the dog in a quick, humane way. He says, shoot him right in the back of the head hed never know what hit him. This is particularly important because George kills Lennie in this exact way. It is where he got the idea that mercy killing was even an option. Slim is then asked to give his opinion and he agrees with Carlson saying, That dog aint no good to himself. As Slim is the only person on the ranch to have natural authority, and his opinions were law. Candy reluctantly agrees to let Carlson shoot his dog. If this scene was left out we would not understand why George would even consider killing Lennie and we would get the impression that George carried it out in cold blood and did not care. The scene should be set in a dimly lit, dark setting. The darkness would help to emphasize the end of life. Carlson should be talking abruptly and quickly showing that he is not thinking about Candys feelings and is unaware of how much the dog means to Candy. Slim in contrast should be taking is time over his speech, showing that he wants this to be as painless as it can be for Candy. He shows that he cares when he instructs Carlson to take a shovel, so that he can bury the dog so Candy wont have to see his dog in the morning. The Fight Scene Another important scene is the fight between Curley and Lennie. In this scene Curley has just accused Slim of being with his wife and in return Slim shouts back at him. Carlson and Candy take advantage of the situation by insulting Curley. Curley feels degraded and wants to take it out on someone. Lennie is there and is the perfect person because Curley being small always feels as though he has something to prove and a real chip on his shoulder towards bigger guys. Lennie is smiling at the thought of the dream of living off the fat of the land and Curley uses it as an opportunity to pick a fight. He says, What the hell you laughin at? and punches Lennies face making his nose bleed. Lennie is described as being too frightened to defend himself. But under the instruction of George, Lennie grabs Curleys hand and cannot let go, even with George slapping him round the face telling him to. Lennie feels guilty afterwards and he shows it when he says, I didnt wanta hurt him, and I didnt mean no harm. It is this scene that enables us to see the extent of Lennies strength and how dangerous it can be when combined with such a simple mind. The scene gives us a clue towards the main plot. Without this scene we would not realise what a true accident Curleys wifes death was and the reader would not feel as sorry for Lennie as they do. It would make the ending much less effective.

Wednesday, October 2, 2019

Prevalence of Traumatic Injuries to Anterior Teeth

Prevalence of Traumatic Injuries to Anterior Teeth Medident Prevalence of traumatic injuries TO ANTERIOR TEETH IN CHILDREN AGED 8-12 YEARS IN KANPUR CITY Abstract: Aims: This study was carried out to evaluate the prevalence, causes and anatomical risk factors of traumatic injuries to anterior teeth among the 8 to 12 years old school going children in Kanpur city, India. Material Methods: The sample size included 2913 school children aged 8 to 12years from 30 both private and government schools. Simple random sampling technique was used to draw the sample. To record teeth injuries; the classification of Ellis (Ellis et al 1970), as modified by Holland (Holland et al 1988) was used. Descriptive statistical analysis was carried out in the present study. Chi-Square Test and Z-test for a proportion (Binomial distribution) was used during statistical analysis. P values P à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ £ 0.05were considered statistically significant. Results: The study shows prevalence of 10.57% of traumatic injuries to anterior teeth among 8-12 years old school going children (prevalence of 8.25% at the age of 8 years which reached to 14.12%% at the age of 12 years). Boys were more involved (14%) than girls (6.7%). The maxillary central incisors (89.29%) were the most affected teeth followed by the lateral incisors (6.82%). Fractures involving only enamel (79.87%) were the most frequent type of traumatic dental injuries. Falls (46.75%) were the most frequent cause of trauma followed by collisions (7.14%).Traumatic Dental Incisors were more prevalent among those with overjet >3.5mm and inadequate lip coverage. Conclusion: Children being male and having an overjet >3.5 mm inadequate lip coveragewere associated with a higher probability of having a traumatized tooth. Keywords:  Prevalence, Traumatic dental Injuries, Anterior teeth, overjet Introduction: Traumatic dental injuries to the permanent incisors are common amongst children. They have an unfavorable social and psychological impact on the quality of life of children and adolescents when they do not receive adequate treatment. The result from the fact that it mainly affects the anterior teeth, causing physical and psychological discomfort, pain, loss of function of mastication and phonation, decreased self esteem and embarrassment when smiling, therefore has a direct impact on the social life of affected individuals1. Dental trauma is associated with several etiological and risk factors. Data from dental clinics and hospital based studies have shown that falls, collisions, sports activities, traffic accidents and high levels of violence are the main etiological factors2. Epidemiological studies reveal that one out of two children sustains a dental injury, most often between the ages of 8 and 12 3. Despite its importance, there are few reports available on the epidemiology of injuries to the teeth of children in developing and industrialized countries, in particular when compared to epidemiological data on dental caries and periodontal diseases4. The prevalence of traumatic dental injuries amongst school going children in different parts of the world varies from a low 2.6 (Macko et al 5) to a high of 43.8 % (Marcenes and Murray6). The purpose of the present study was to evaluate prevalence, causes and the anatomic risk factors of the traumatic injuries to anterior teeth among 8 12 years old school going children in Kanpur city. Material Methods: Ethical approval: The study was approved by the ethical committee of the Rama Dental College, Hospital Research Centre. The examinations were conducted with permission from the education authorities and head teachers and the informed consent of the children’s parents. Study group: Three thousand school children between the age group of 8-12 years were randomly selected from both the Government and Private schools of Kanpur were initially examined. Eighty seven children were excluded from the study because they had a history of or were currently receiving orthodontic treatment. Thus the total number of children included in this study was 2913. Data was collected by an interview and oral examination. A Performa was prepared to collect data during oral examination and brief face-to-face interview. A single examiner trained and calibrated for the criteria used, conducted both the interview of the parents and the clinical examination of the children. The children were examined at their schools under natural light. Children who participated in the study were examined at the schools during school hours, in a predetermined timetable, as arranged with the school authorities. Data collected during the interview: Time of the accident: Type of accident Place of accident. Data collected during Clinical Examination: To record teeth injuries, the classification of Ellis7, as modified by Holland et al.8 was used: Class 1: Fracture of enamel only. Class 2: Fracture of enamel and dentine; without pulp involvement. Class 3: Fracture of enamel and dentine; with pulp involvement. Class 4: Discoloration of the tooth, with or without a sinus. Class 5: Displacement; extrusion, intrusion, and lateral displacement. Class 6: Tooth loss as a result of trauma. Class 7: Tooth restored by composite or crown following fracture. At the time of survey the soft tissue injuries were not always recorded. In addition, vitality tests and radiographic examinations were not carried out; therefore, root factures were not recorded. Endodontic treatment could not be recorded, and endodontic treatment needs were calculated based on the presence of discoloration, fistulous tract and fracture with pulp exposure. The horizontal relation of the incisors was measured with a CPITN periodontal probe. The measurement was done holding the CPITN periodontal probe parallel to the occlusal plane. The children were separated into two groups according to overjet of less than 3.5mm and 3.5mm or more than 3.5mm. Incisal overjet was not recorded where there was a loss of upper incisors or if a lingual cross bite was present. To record lip pattern, each child was instructed to stand in a specified position and the lip line carefully observed. If in the rest position, the incisors were covered completely by the lips, the lip coverage was scored adequate; otherwise an inadequate score was recorded. Results: Table 1 shows the number and proportion of children who had at least one traumatized permanent anterior teeth. Table 1: The number and proportion of children with traumatized anterior teeth Discussion: The prevalence of trauma to anterior teeth in this study (10.57%) corroborates the assertion that dental injuries among children frequently present between 10% and 20% (Dearing et al9, 1984). The fact that in this study, boys had suffered more traumatic dental injuries than girls (boys-53.14%, girls-46.86%) is basically explained by behavioral or even cultural factors, in that boys engage in leisure activities or sports of generally more aggressive nature or with a greater accident risk than girls do. This research agrees with most other studies that show higher incidence of trauma in males10-14. However, few authors have shown similar trauma in boys and girls15, 16. The most common cause of traumatic dental injuries, observed in this present study was falls. The difficulty of grouping falls as a cause of trauma was reported in 1970. In the present study, the children that suffered dental trauma were asked about the causes of fall for the purpose of distinguishing falls without pushing from the ones in which the individual was pushed, which were grouped in the ‘violence’ category, because they represent a form of aggression. The percentage of schoolchildren that did not remember the accident was also high, which could result in the under reporting of violent incidents. The school going children examined, suffered trauma mostly at home and on the streets. Thus the discussion about healthy environments becomes highly relevant, because environment and health are interdependent and non-separable. Therefore, every place, appraised as alive territory, where exists a relation between children and nature (family, work relationship, leisure, education), are environments that must be favorable to health17. Maxillary central incisors (89.29%) were the most commonly involved teeth during dental trauma than other anterior teeth because of their morphology and location which makes them more susceptible to traumatic injuries18. The result agrees with the findings of Chen et al10(77%), caliskan Turkun14(66.2%), Zaragoza et al19.(87.9%), Zermancavarella12(80%) and Borssen Holm20(67%). Fractures involving only enamel (79.87%) were the most frequent type of traumatic dental injuries observed in our study sample, agreeing with other studies22-24. Vernier calipers provide an accurate measurement of overjet under ideal conditions. However, since the study was carried out under field circumstances CPI style periodontal probe was used to measure overjet as it was more feasible. In relation to overjet, different authors have argued over which particular value should be regarded as an increased overjet or not. Thus, some recognize an increased overjet when the value is more than 3 mm, and others when it is more than 5 mm. Normal overjet was considered to be in the range of 0-3.5mm9. The CPITN probe served the need, since its markings were located at 3.5 and 5.5mm which facilitated the grouping of the children into ranges of 3.5mm. In our study we found that the risk trauma increased as the overjet increased, the finding was similar to various previous studies25-27. Traumatic dental injuries are also associated with normal function deviation and position of perioral tissues. As was seen in several previous studied29-32, it was observed in the present study that the schoolchildren that presented inadequate lip coverage showed a statistically significant association between the presence of this condition and the occurrence of dental trauma. This can be explained by reduction of cushioning effect in presence of incompetent lips. This study showed that 92.21% of children with dental trauma remained untreated and thus there was a need of dental treatment in 92.21% of children with dental trauma. The reasons for such neglect are unclear. One could suggest that in developing countries, the majority of the population cannot afford private dental treatment and the dental public services are unable to offer more complex treatments. Nevertheless, high levels of untreated traumatized teeth were found in developed countries as well, such as the UK where quality public dental services are accessible to the majority of the population. One factor that could be determining low rates of treatment is related to the fact that traumatic dental injuries is not a disease and parents might not pay the necessary attention to it. This could be related to the severity of the dental injury. As the majority of traumatic dental injuries affect only the enamel this could have a lower potential to produce a negative impact on children a nd their parents. Another aspect that could be enhancing the treatment neglect is the dentist’s lack of knowledge regarding the treatment of dental trauma, both in developed and in developing countries17. In conclusion, the dental injuries are frequently occurring during the different stages of life but they are particularly common in childhood. Although dental injuries are rarely life-threatening, they are of public health importance due to their high prevalence and impact on individuals and society in terms of pain, discomfort, social and functional limitation and handicap, and the effect on the child’s quality of life. Thus, there is need to create dental awareness through dental health education amongst school going children to improve their quality of life. Furthermore traumatic dental injuries are preventable; therefore public health preventive and promotive programmes should be encouraged to reduce the prevalence of traumatic dental injuries in school going children. Health promotion policies should aim to create an appropriate and safe environment. Soft playground surfaces, school-crossing patrols, marked zebra crossings and bicycle lanes would help create a safe environment. The use of seat belts, air bags, special car seats for children and bicycle helmets should be enforced. Mouth guards should be used when playing sports, in particular contact sports. Public Health Education regarding the epidemiology of dental injuries and its prevention through health promotion may play a major role in reducing the prevalence of traumatic dental injury and avoiding the financial costs of treatment, especially in developing countries.